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Written by Juliet Maruru   
Friday, 21 March 2008

Bryan was my brother, ten years older than me and a paint artist. He left home when I was 8 and for a while the distance and age gap pulled us apart. After a particularly bad period of my life, Bryan made special effort to be a big brother. I needed that and still count it as one of the reasons I am still alive today.

At first, all Bryan could do was be there for me. At times, even that had to be at a distance. His work as a paint artist allowed him a few respites especially after a good exhibition sale at a gallery somewhere. Then he would take time off to come to the tiny village town where I spent my teens. While there he would ask me to pose as
his subject for a painting. I recall breezy mornings on grassy green with palm trees and flowers in the background and me with a book. Then there were humid afternoons on sandy white with the jade blue ocean as our setting and yes, me with a book.

Bryan was tough, not very loud but potentially boorish after a few beers and in the company of his macho friends and cousins. When he was painting, he would be quiet and intense, listening to strange music that I have since discovered to be modern classical compositions, or alternatively asking me to read from poetry and classical books. During my career as his art subject, I read poetry from Homer's Iliad to Sara Teasdale's Peace(Sadly my own attempts at poetry are, well, deplorable!). I read Ernest Hemingway's Old Man and the Sea and children's classics like The Snow white Queen and Cinderella, the Kenyan legends like Mekatilili and Luanda Magere.

The last time I posed for Bryan's work (It can't be a pose exactly because I was allowed to sit and required to move around) I was 19 years old. I had to read both Mekatilili and Cinderella. I sneaked a few glances at the boys playing soccer further down the beach and wished to join them. I stared quite openly at the lovers covertly
attending to each other hidden by the jade blue. A light skinned girl about 3 or 4 squealed with delight as her father, a foreigner, tickled her then let her run up to the edge of the water before scooping her and carrying her back to his black wife. And I wondered what Bryan's finished work would look like and if it would fetch him a bit of cash.

When I did see the finished work, I reeled in shocked surprise. In all his previous works he depicted me as an impish tomboy, caught between innocence and adulthood, hardly developed but not quite a child. One particular painting had me standing on the edge of a crag ready to dive into the ocean and obviously relishing the attention of the awed boys below. (That episode earned me a few slaps from a brother who was
certain I had narrowly missed cracking my skull on jagged rock underwater.)

The portrait was nothing like that. Last I heard someone bought it for a hundred dollars (a good price then!)  and if you are reading this I will buy it back please. I might need to mow your lawn and do your laundry to get the sum together.

In the portrait, the person depicted (me surely?) is young, gentle, feminine, a woman... She looks at another person who is hidden by shadows, vague, male, not my brother. Her eyes know. Her mouth is full, sensuous, determined. Her body shocks me because it is relaxed, accepting of its own sexuality. The feminine curves are defined, the soft swell of a breast, the gentle roll of a hip just covered by the bright coloured fabric of a leso that might have flapped with the wind.

I wasn't shocked that my brother had drawn me, his own sister, in the form of a woman, and a sensuous one at that (!!!). I was more than shocked even repulsed at the idea of my being a woman, and a sexual being.

Perhaps this was the final lesson my brother wanted to teach me, because he was killed soon after this. As I stood there that day, shaking to the pit of my stomach, he asked me, "Wambui, you are who you are. But who are you? And what do you want to be?" The thing that has bothered me since then is the way he asked those questions. I am who I am, but who am I? What did I want to be?

It's taken me time, but I am slowly unravelling it in my mind. There have been times when I have chosen to ruminate over it, and times when I have chosen to skirt past it. However, I chose to be a teacher and a writer. As a teacher, I am in daily contact with young children and teenagers who are struggling to discover their personal identities. As a writer, I have to write about social issues and that almost always brings me back to the topic of identity.

Identity has been wrapped in issues of ethnicity, nationality and gender. Sexual identity forums almost always spiral into debates about gender roles and homosexuality versus heterosexuality. Generally, most people confuse, and lose, their own personal identities in the roles that they have to assume or that are imposed on them through the life cycle. I keep thinking, I am ME. I am a teacher, a writer, a
sister, a Kenyan...I should still be ME if I chose not to teach anymore or to change citizenship. I should still be ME if I take on the roles of motherhood or say, uh..., wifehood.

Old African culture dictated the sequence of life role changes. It also provided support and symbolic rites which included a measure of educative processes that I believe helped shape and reinforce a person's individual identity for the good of the existing society. I cite the Agikuyu initiation rites which were accompanied by education
from the elders and subsequent freedom to attend activities such as ngweko (a form of dating with sexual activity that was not limited to one partner but that did not allow penetration) which made it possible for a person to explore sexuality within limits. The subsequent ascension through the leadership roles with accompanying education and rites formed a kind of reinforcing system.

Times have inevitably changed. Historical developments, introduction of 'un-African' religion for example have changed the socio-cultural structures. Granted, some of the cultural traditions were shrouded in illogical shades and at times clearly violated the rights of a human being. However, it is my personal belief that the socio-cultural
texture of many of the old African traditions did promote and contribute to the well being of individuals and societies as a whole. At the time.

I am not surprised then that more and more African peoples are going back to being as African as possible in this modern world. More and more people are choosing to learn, and have their children learn, at least one if not two or three ethnic Kenyan languages. Parents are choosing to have their children go through modernized forms of traditional initiation rites. For the boys, they may comprise in some cultures a 'cut' at the clinic followed by group setting counselling usually provided by a church based organization. For the girls, the counselling might be accompanied by basic skills teaching in housekeeping, social skills and so on, but eliminating female circumcision.

I think the effort is commendable. In fact I wish that I might have gone through a similar rite of passage to define the moment I passed from being a child to being a woman. As it is, life chose a very different and much more painful rite of passage for me.

That said, I must state at this point that I am very much disturbed by the manner in which we handle the development of a child into adulthood. We, African Society, chose to deny certain aspects of development (don't get me wrong here, we do pretend to talk about it) and in effect negate very important parts of the human identity, more
often than not creating maladjusted individuals and therefore even more unhealthy societies.

Sexuality. As far as I know, 'counselling' in the context of the rites of passage ceremonies involves telling the youth to abstain. Abstain? From what? Sex and sexuality are deliberately and inadvertently portrayed as 'sinful' and shameful. So shameful that we cannot acknowledge that sex is part of who we are, so shameful that we in effect fail to teach the youth about boundaries and safe living. So shameful...and this in a society where a man will defile a ten year old and dare claim in his defence that she provoked him.

Back to the portrait. I am not sure what my brother was thinking when he painted the portrait. I do not know what you are thinking not, either. What I know is that it made me realize that I was a human being, with my very own identity, which does constitute a sexual component and is not at all anything shameful, even if I chose not to flaunt it. It just is.

I have though quite hard about the point I want to make with this article. I look at the portrait in my mind and hope that every parent, every caregiver, every teacher can acknowledge that every child growing up is a human being, has an ethnic, physical, mental, psychological and sexual identity all rolled up and intermingled with
each other, and that the education of that child needs to equip him or her to explore all aspects of it all while learning restraint and respect for social boundaries and respect for other people's choices and boundaries.

I do not think it is easy to change the mind-set that now dictates our society today. But that is all it is; a mind-set. It can be reset. The reset, however, requires that we all accept 3 things:

-It is human to be sexual, just as there is nothing wrong with accepting our cultural and psychological identities, and that there is nothing wrong with accepting our own sexuality.

-Times will continue to change, therefore education systems within and without the family must evolve while encompassing the human development.

-A child does have a sexual identity, but there is nothing at all acceptable about an adult exploring or exploiting a child's sexuality. (I suppose we are now going to be debating about who is a child, but the boundaries for that are limited, too.)

So who am I? I still need to think about that for a while longer. I do know that I am well on the way of accepting myself for who I am.


Juliet Maruru
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Sexual identity...
written by Shane , March 25, 2008
Juliet, sex and sexuality, as you and I personally know is a hot 'do not touch' topic when it collides with religion.

In the book of Genesis (Bible, do you still remember?), God blessed Adam and Eve to go therefore and 'be many'. I think that involved hmm...sex. Several other places in the bible, (words of Paul and Peter) sex is reffered to as 'the holy bed'; that is when it is within the confines of marriage. In Proverbs and Ecclesiastes, a man is told to find pleasure in the 'bosom' (breasts, dear) of his wife of youth.

Thinking of it in that way, Religion and Christianity in particular should have no trouble accepting sex and sexuality as normal and in your words 'not at all shameful'. (I think the confines of marriage would be a topic for another day)

However, our Afro- Christian religions while seeking to incorporate African culture into Christianity have found themselves 'demonising' sexuality, which in turn make it quite difficult for them to impart meaningful education on this very important aspect of the human identity.{ Perhaps this has something to do with the fact that Christian missionaries felt that African culture was barbaric and unacceptable, and therefore African adherents felt that to be acceptable to Christianity they also had to repudiate all their forefathers practices.}

My personal thoughts on this, as I believe we have discussed before, is that religion should be a personal and very separate choice from the cultural educative processes, initiation and so on. In the privacy of one's own home, the decision can be made to honor whichever religion you chose. When it comes to cultural ceremonies and the accompanying education, it should be a societal thing.

Still, I think that there is still a need to examine whatever cultural customs we chose to accept. As you mention in your article, some of the practices would clearly not be suitable nor right for society today. While going back to African culture, we should make sure that the practices observed are beneficial to the persons involved, in this case pubescent children; that they will offer enlightenment, and bolster positive self-identity, not destroy it.

The other option would be for whatever church based organisations that may offer the 'initiation rites' to look closely at the issues involved in development of a human being, without any prejudice, just facts, then base their programs on that, offering the young ones choices and not making them feel unacceptable or 'dirty' for being human.

I think it was you that once sent me this quote, "Sexuality is the lyricism of the masses."
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What?
written by Wanjiku , March 25, 2008
Are you proposing that we go back to the days of female genital mutilation? I get that feeling when you write that: "socio-cultural texture of many of the old African traditions did promote and contribute to the well being of individuals and societies as a whole."

Did they? As I remember my mother describing those customs, their purpose was to suppress the very sexuality that you write should be accepted. African culture accepted 'male' sexuality. Think the itimu that a man was allowed to plant at his fellow man's wife's door to indicate that he was having sex with his fellow man's wife!

And yet when the same woman was found enjoying herself in the woods with some nice warrior, she was likely to be ostracized maybe killed. I do not think the warrior would have to do anything other than pay a 'fine'.

What exactly are you advocating for?
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re: What?
written by Johnny B. Goode , March 25, 2008

Did they? As I remember my mother describing those customs, their purpose
was to suppress the very sexuality that you write should be accepted. African culture accepted 'male' sexuality. Think the itimu that a man was allowed to plant at his fellow man's wife's door to indicate that he was having sex with his fellow man's wife!


If the fellow man was enjoying sex with another mans wife, doesn't it follow that the wife was enjoying sex with another man other than her husband. Wasn't the wife thus not just as allowed to cohabit with other men, presumably members of the same age set as other men were allowed to cohabit with her? The custom of sharing wives. Or can a woman only enjoy sex in the bushes? Is it that hard to keep some simple rules like having sex in the privacy of your hut or die? Granted the scenario that you offer of the warrior going scotch free is certainly uneven handed and does not conform to present days sensibilities of equal rights. Granted the theories on female circumcision are out there and I don't know much about them except there exist marked differences on how different communities carried them out. However fail to see how a culture that allowed for free for all when it came to sex regardless of marital status was anymore restrictive than todays imposed monogamy.
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re: What?
written by L.A.Papakemus , March 25, 2008
Are you proposing that we go back to the days of female genital mutilation? I get that feeling...


Wanjiku dear,the meaning I get from Juliet's writing here is that some cultural rituals, though since declared morally repugnant were important to prepare young people for the responsibility attached to sexual activity. A physical proof of one's having attained maturity and being prepared mentally and physically for the societal responsibilities of reproduction. The Christian missionaries used this same arguments to promote the view that it was lewd and immoral to expose young girls (etc) to so intimate an operation at such a young age. What was the solution? To stop the clitoridectomy. And what in its place? Nothing, that is the problem.


In Africa,so to speak, we still draw our identity mostly from our society. Christianity has dissolved our cultures,and subsequently dissolved our societies and if I understand Juliet correctly, what we need to do is draw from within and find out identities in our individual selves rather than in our social groups or age sets.

But then Juliet it's another case of the egg and the chicken isn't it? Can an individual exist independently from their society? Can a society exist without it's individuals? The problem might be that there is no society, only dominant and dominating individuals. I draw from someone I think might be doing the right thing as an individual. Do I cease to exist therefore? Can we both use the same environment to become the same individual? Is that acceptable? Do we need society?

4realJujuit'sgood.
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The itimu
written by jmaruru , March 26, 2008
Are you proposing that we go back to the days of female genital mutilation? I get that feeling when you write that: "socio-cultural texture of many of the old African traditions did promote and contribute to the well being of individuals and societies as a whole."smilies/grin.gifid they? As I remember my mother describing those customs, their purpose was to suppress the very sexuality that you write should be accepted. African culture accepted 'male' sexuality. Think the itimu that a man was allowed to plant at his fellow man's wife's door to indicate that he was having sex with his fellow man's wife!



If the fellow man was enjoying sex with another mans wife, doesn't it follow that the wife was enjoying sex with another man other than her husband. Wasn't the wife thus not just as allowed to cohabit with other men, presumably members of the same age set as other men were allowed to cohabit with her? The custom of sharing wives. Or can a woman only enjoy sex in the bushes? Is it that hard to keep some simple rules like having sex in the privacy of your hut or die?


Hmmm... I had a feeling this topic would get us all uh..hot?

Female genital mutilation would definately be a violation of the rights of a woman (girl child) but I am not very convinced that it 'efficiently' served the purpose of supressing female sexuality. Why was the provision made for a man to 'service' his fellowman's wife in the event the fellowman was away? I don't think it had anything to do with procreation. Kikuyu culture quite openly accepted the sexual nature of a human's existence, the woman's too, and made provision for the satisfaction of sexual needs from adolescence on.

In the case of your woman who went to the bushes to have sex with some warrior, she was in clear violation of societal rules, which did not stop her from having sex even in her husband's absence but for the sake of order, required her to do so within limits. As far as I know, the punishment for that was ostracizing, divorce if her husband wished, and/or a fine if her husband chose to keep her. Death was not involved unless maybe the hubbie was so hurt he actually killed her in rage.

Still, I would like to point out that the reason I cited Kikuyu culture is to point out that whenever a parent balks at educating his child on sex and sexuality, he/she should never say, "Sisi ni waafrika, hatufanyi hivyo. Wazungu ndio wananongea mambo kama hay." Sisi waafrika have respect and honor for elders, love and concern for children and among other things, awe for the processes that allow our surival and well being as a race, sex being one of them.
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FGM is not equal FGM
written by aeichener , March 26, 2008
FGM can also stand for female genital modification, and modification need not equate mutilation. Not at all.

It is paradox that in the same measure as genital modification and adornment are embraced as a means of female identity among liberated women in the Global North, of self-assertion and body-love (the expression of [re-]claiming and owning one's body and one's sexuality), that contemporarily similar practices are being increasingly ostracized and vilified in the Global South.

Misunderstand me not. The worldwide fight against oppression, subordination and mutilation of women is a valid and virtuous cause, and a cause for which women and men all around the globe can and should work together in solidarity. Since the times of Fran Hosken, there hardly exists any Western newspaper, any Western magazine, any Western TV program, which does not thematize female genital mutilation with clock-like regularity and predictability. The audience is showered with it.

But there has also been uttered femistist criticism from the so-addressed "Third World"; a criticism that is founded in the nagging feeling that once again, white women and men tend to presume to dictate over brown bodies, even if it be with the best of intentions. Does that remind some history-conscious readers of the Agikuyu circumcision wars of the 1920s and 1930s, and their underlying intents and purposes, anybody?

Back to the topic:
FG modification, and also its counterpart MG modification, are increasingly popular phenomena in the West, and have long ago left the secluded cosy coven of a few subculture groupings. They have become mainstream, such as tattoos now are, and they are here to stay. And I find them respectable.

Alexander
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re: The itimu
written by Johnny B. Goode , March 26, 2008

Hmmm... I had a feeling this topic would get us all uh..hot?

Female genital mutilation would definately be a violation of the rights of a woman (girl child) but I am not very convinced that it 'efficiently' served the purpose of supressing female sexuality.


That is of course the view that todays western world dictates, although I've often wondered why the women in those societies didn't find the capacities to oppose such practices, if indeed they were so gross and brutal.

Why did need the missionary to come and tell people that it was a violation of the (girl child) and human rights? And don't tell me that it was because African societies were static and the man had total control, because according to Kikuyu legends, the society changed from matrilineal to patrilineal and even if this was just a fabricated story to keep the womenfolk down, why come up with it in the first place? Could the women have been agitating for change and why come up with a story in the first place?

I've also quite wondered where female circumcision exactly came from or how it exactly started. I know the sexuality suppression story is quite en vogue but I'm skeptic. Some writers suggest that the Kikuyu took it from the Maasai(where did they take it from?), who are nilotes as are the Luo who don't circumcise. At least I can trace male circumcision to father Abraham.

I'm by no means advocating for any return to such cultural practices. I'm sure child birth is more painful than anything that any average man will ever have to go through.
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Blood and pain...
written by jmaruru , March 29, 2008
The symbolism of many cultural rites, Kikuyu and otherwise, were based on the sacredness of blood, and the representation of initiation into society and responsibility through blood and pain.

Symbolism is a strong influence on the human psyche. In my personal view, Circumcision in both males and females, would impress on society the sacred nature of childhood which would be preserved until it was over, and when it was over, the rites impressed on the initiate the fact that life is preserved through sex, thus sex is sacred and carries with it responsibilities that are translated into obligations towards the previous generation and the next one.

As for FGM, the circumcision of olden times may weigh some challenges were it to be allowed now. But I stop and ask myself, the voice in my head sounds much better; What symbolic weight do the modernized initiation rites carry? Do they really impress on our children the importance of life and responsibility of sex? Is there a way to bring blood and pain (in humane portions) without causing trauma, later complications and maybe death?

Like I said the voice in my head sounds much better.
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...
written by jmaruru , March 29, 2008
And I still believe in sex for the pure pleasure of it.....
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Removing lower teeth
written by Wuod Aketch , March 30, 2008
If nobody can surely say why FGM and male circumcision is practiced then why continue them? My grandmother had her lower teeth removed but starting from my mother to later generations nobody practices this act any more.
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re: Removing lower teeth
written by a guest , March 31, 2008
quote=Wuod Aketch]If nobody can surely say why FGM and male circumcision is practiced then why continue them?

Because rites are perfunctory, but not necessarily functional.
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re: Removing lower teeth
written by Johnny B. Goode , March 31, 2008
If nobody can surely say why FGM and male circumcision is practiced then why continue them? My grandmother had her lower teeth removed but starting from my mother to later generations nobody practices this act any more.


Both were rights of passage marking the transition from childhood into adulthood and into adult responsibilities, including marriage etc. That's is also the same function they still perform today. Among the Kikuyu a lot of the education that accompanied this rites of passage have fallen away. If your why was as to how they exactly started, then I'm yet to hear any legends concerning either. I know there is the story of Abraham in the bible. It was a sign of the covenant between God and Abraham or Abram as he was then called which also marked the end for the need for human sacrifices. The Kikuyu are said to have adopted the practice from the Maasai. Where the Maasai got it from is however a mystery.
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Correction
written by Johnny B. Goode , March 31, 2008
Strike the part about the end of human sacrifice. The circumcision was just a contract with Abraham promising to make him a multitude of nations.
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re: Removing lower teeth
written by jmaruru , March 31, 2008
If nobody can surely say why FGM and male circumcision is practiced then why continue them? My grandmother had her lower teeth removed but starting from my mother to later generations nobody practices this act any more.


I am very certain that if anyone really tried to trace it back, they would find someone somewhere who had the benefit of spoken tradition passed down. All I know is what an old man born before 1914 explained to me.

Every tribe, clan had its cultural traditions, all of which are tied to the cycle of life and always accompanied by symbolic rites and education.

In Kikuyu land, circumcision in males and in females, was done to symbolize a passage from childhood into the responsibility of adulthood;' marriage, childbirth, raising children, leading the clan and so on. Of course some of the rites may have been shadowed by a lack of real scientific knowledge because the people relied on observation which might have been limited. There was a borrowing from other cultures, and the reasons for this might have been clear at the time but lost with time.

Each of the succeeding stages after circumcision was followed by rites and educative processes, for instance the young Maasai warrior had to learn to hunt and fight/flight, both of which skills he would need to protect his family and tribe. A young Maasai man whom I once taught lamented of the fact that the dilution of culture left him at a loss when he was forced to face nature under circumstances when knowledge of English and Math did not help him much. He told me he wished there was a way he could learn both Math as well as the herbs his grandfather used when someone had been bitten by a snake. He wished he could learn both biology and what he should do when the drought that was affecting his father's flock was lasting way too long.

Most cultural rites were meant to impress upon society the value of life, and prepare them for any challenges they were likely to face. As I noted before not all of them were based on correct information, and some clearly would not be acceptable now. It is also very likely that not all rites and traditions served the purpose for which they were instituted for, some may simply have failed, some may have used to perpetrate the domination of one gender over the other.

My question remains, is it possible to take the best from our cultures, not to propagate some kind of ethnocentric egotism, but to make the best of ourselves in a rather unforgiving world.
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